Carbonate and hydrochloric acid Essay Example for Free

Carbonate and hydrochloric acid Essay If you have a two fixed masses of hydrochloric acid, which have both been crushed up, the one with the smaller particles will have a higher rate of reaction, due to the fact that there is a higher surface area exposed to the hydrochloric acid. A good example to compare this to would be slicing a loaf of bread, then spreading butter on it. The more thinner you cut each slice of bread, the more you can get which means that you would be able to spread more butter. This type of theory is known as the bread and butter theory and is often used in biology. The higher surface area of marble chips there is that is in contact with the hydrochloric acid, the higher the rate of reaction, and the more products that are formed in a given amount of time. Light Some chemical reactions are affected by the presence of light. One example of a reaction that depends on the presence of sunlight is photosynthesis, which only takes place when sunlight falls on a plant, which contains green pigmentation called chlorophyll. Another example of a reaction that only takes place in the presence of light is that which occurs when a photograph is taken. Inside the camera is a transparent film, which a clear plastic film that is covered in an emulsion of a layer of gelatine which is filled with millions of tiny crystals of silver halides, especially silver bromide (AgBr). The emulsion that is used is similar for both colour and black and white film. The only difference is that the colour film contains three layers of emulsion which all contain different dyes. When light falls hits a silver bromide molecule, silver cations (Ag+) accepts an electron from the bromine ions (Br-) creating a silver atom. Ag+ + e- Ag Silver ion + Electron Silver atom The bromine atoms that are produced are then trapped in the gelatine. The more light that hits the photographic film the greater the amount of silver that is deposited. As you can see, most of the ways of increasing the rate of reactivity involve increasing the number of successful collisions within the reaction itself. Once you do this the rate of reaction should increase. However, just increasing the number of collisions doesnt necessarily mean that the rate of reaction is increased. This is because in order to increase the rate of reaction you need to increase the number of successful collisions. When collisions occur, if they do not have enough energy, which is in the form of kinetic energy, then they would repel each other. However if they do have enough energy, then they would combine, which is a successful collision. The way in which the rate of reaction is calculated is by using the following formula: Reaction rate= change in amount (or concentration) of a substance/products produced Time taken Therefore, in this case, I will be measuring the rate of reaction by measuring the quantity of products formed. The formula would then be: Reaction rate= carbon dioxide produced. Time taken Using this method you can work out the average rate of reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid in the time given for the experiment. The rate at which it reacts would be measured in x grams/minute. Aim The aim of this experiment is to see how the rate of reaction can be affected by a factor [variable]. The variable that we chose was the concentration of the acid, so the aim is to see how the concentration of hydrochloric acid can affect the rate of reactivity. Prediction Substances are prone to burn much faster in the presence of oxygen. For example a charcoal in a barbeque would often be burning quite slowly with a red glow. However, when you blow on t, the coal would become even hotter as it gets more red, and my even burst into flames. This is as you are blowing a higher concentration of oxygen onto it. Another example is acetylene, which burns extremely rapidly in the presence of pure oxygen. The energy produced, in the form of heat, is enough to burn through metal, which is what it is used for: C2H2 + 2. 5O2 2CO2 + H2O + heat Acetylene + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + Water + heat energy. Chemical reactions occur when successful collisions occur between particles. This is when particles gain enough speed that when they collide with each other they join together. Successful collisions between acetylene molecules and oxygen molecules occur when pure oxygen is used instead of air. Therefore, the rate of reaction increases the rate of reaction as well as increasing the amount of heat given off. From this, I can therefore predict that as you increase the concentration of the hydrochloric acid, you would also be increasing the rate of reaction. I predict that the shape of the graph would look like so: This is as the rate of reaction at the beginning would be quite rapid. This would eventually slow down due to the fact that the calcium chloride and the hydrochloric acid are being used up. I therefore predict that the shape of the graph would eventually level off, and all of the lines (the concentrations) should end up at the same level in the end. Preliminary Investigation There are two methods that may be used to measure the rate of reaction, which are: * How fast the reactants are used up. How fast the products are formed The method we are using is to measure how fast the products are formed; in this case how fast the carbon dioxide is formed. Preliminary experiments were performed beforehand to understand how the actual experiment should be carried out, decide on the quantities of substances used as well as comprehend the observations in the experiment, i. e. effervescence, in order to acknowledge the reaction. First, we had to decide on the concentration of hydrochloric acid used. The fist concentration that was tried was 3 molar, which I decided was too fast. This was as the reading on the gas syringe went above the maximum level quite rapidly, which is not sufficient as it means that the results would not be adequate enough to identify a trend, which is the main aim of this investigation. The next concentration level that was tried was 2 molar, which I decided was adequate enough for the maximum concentration. Even though the reading in the gas syringe did go above the maximum, I did keep in mind that I was going to be using a larger gas syringe for the actual experiment. Therefore the maximum concentration of acid that is going to be used is 2 molar, which is the variable. We are then going to reduce this to 1. 8 molar, 1. 6 molar, 1. 4 molar, 1. 2 molar and then finally 1 molar. I believe that these sets of variables would be adequate enough in order to identify a trend. After deciding on the quantities used, I then had to decide what volume of acid I was going to be using. The first volume I tried was 0. 5ml, which was too slow. I then tired 10 ml, which was again proving to be quite a slow reaction. So I then doubled the volume of the acid, which I believed was satisfactory, as the rate of reaction was good, and the amount of co2 produced was satisfactory, as it did not go over the syringe limit. I then had to decide what mass of calcium carbonate chips I had to use. The first mass that I had tried was 0. 5grams, which produced a far too slow rate of reaction. I then tried 2 grams of calcium carbonate, which was too fast of a reaction, and the amount of CO2 produced was off the reading on the gas syringe, so I halved it to 1 gram, which was satisfactory. The amount of time I am going to use is 90 seconds (one and a half minutes) as I believe that this is a sufficient amount of time in which I will be able to identify any trend between the concentration of hydrochloric acid and the amount of carbon dioxide produced. Here are the results for the volume of acid: Concentration of acid: 1M Mass of marble chips: 1. 0 gram Volume of acid used: 5 ml. Time (s) Concentration of acid: 1M Mass of marble chips: 1. 0 gram Volume of acid: 10 ml Time (s). Concentration of acid: 1M Mass of marble chips: 1. 0 gram Volume of acid: 20ml TConcentration of acid: 1M Mass of marble chips: 1 gram Volume of acid: 20ml Time (s) + Here are the results for the concentration of hydrochloric acid: Concentration of acid: 2M Mass of marble chips:1 gram Volume of acid: 20ml Time (s) 2 produced (cm3) + Concentration of acid: 1M Mass of marble chips: 1 gram Volume of acid: 20ml Time (s)(cm3)Â   The overall result for the preliminary investigation using the correct quantities would be: Time (s) 1 produced (cm3) with 1MÂ   The graph for the preliminary investigation looked like this: Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Patterns of Behaviour section.

Eulogy for Grandfather :: Eulogies Eulogy

Eulogy for Grandfather To my family, relatives and friends who knew Joseph, may the grace and peace of Almighty God the Father, His Son Jesus Christ and the Holy Spirit be with you all. Although I can not be here today physically, I am here with you in spirit. I would like to share a few words about my grandfather, whom I loved very dearly. He was a man who loved his family very much and made the best of what he had to provide for them. During my lifetime, I observed how diligently my grandfather worked in the barbershop, in the garden and around the house. He would also go out to cut hair for those who were in the hospital, house bound and in the nursing home. I also observed his generosity when he would give friends and relatives food from his garden. He always had a kind word and gentle smile towards those whom he encountered. His charity, I am convinced, is an effect of his strong Catholic faith in our Lord Jesus Christ. Charity towards others is the greatest sign of God's presence in our lives. His charity overflowed into his family. He truly loved his wife, his children and grandchildren. Even when there would be disagreements in the family, he would be the fi rst one to put end to them. He always made it a point that peace should remain in the family no matter what would happen. These words of wisdom were made manifest by the 65 years of marriage he enjoyed. From the time I was born until the day I left for Rome last August, my grandfather had always cut my hair. As he cut my hair, he would tell me stories about Westerly, family matters, tending the garden and, of course, his birthplace Acri, which is situated in the center of Calabria, Italy. He would tell the same stories over and over to me, my father, my aunt and uncle and my cousins. He never tired of telling these stories and they always seem to bring a smile to his face. Now when I look back, these are the memories I have of him, of who he was, of what he did, and how he lived. In April of this year, I had the unique opportunity of traveling to Acri on a day trip. When I arrived in this small town situated in the mountains of Calabria, I began to see all the places my grandfather told me about when he used to cut my hair. Eulogy for Grandfather :: Eulogies Eulogy Eulogy for Grandfather To my family, relatives and friends who knew Joseph, may the grace and peace of Almighty God the Father, His Son Jesus Christ and the Holy Spirit be with you all. Although I can not be here today physically, I am here with you in spirit. I would like to share a few words about my grandfather, whom I loved very dearly. He was a man who loved his family very much and made the best of what he had to provide for them. During my lifetime, I observed how diligently my grandfather worked in the barbershop, in the garden and around the house. He would also go out to cut hair for those who were in the hospital, house bound and in the nursing home. I also observed his generosity when he would give friends and relatives food from his garden. He always had a kind word and gentle smile towards those whom he encountered. His charity, I am convinced, is an effect of his strong Catholic faith in our Lord Jesus Christ. Charity towards others is the greatest sign of God's presence in our lives. His charity overflowed into his family. He truly loved his wife, his children and grandchildren. Even when there would be disagreements in the family, he would be the fi rst one to put end to them. He always made it a point that peace should remain in the family no matter what would happen. These words of wisdom were made manifest by the 65 years of marriage he enjoyed. From the time I was born until the day I left for Rome last August, my grandfather had always cut my hair. As he cut my hair, he would tell me stories about Westerly, family matters, tending the garden and, of course, his birthplace Acri, which is situated in the center of Calabria, Italy. He would tell the same stories over and over to me, my father, my aunt and uncle and my cousins. He never tired of telling these stories and they always seem to bring a smile to his face. Now when I look back, these are the memories I have of him, of who he was, of what he did, and how he lived. In April of this year, I had the unique opportunity of traveling to Acri on a day trip. When I arrived in this small town situated in the mountains of Calabria, I began to see all the places my grandfather told me about when he used to cut my hair.

What Is a Linear Programming Problem

Linear Programming is a mathematical technique useful for allocation of scarce or limited resources to several competing activities on the basis of given criterion of optimality. The usefulness of linear programming as a tool for optimal decision-making on resource allocation, is based on its applicability to many diversified decision problems. The effective use and application requires, as on its applicability to many diversified decision problems. The effective use and application requires, as a first step, the mathematical formulation of an LP model, when the problem is presented in words.Steps of linear programming model formulation are summarized as follows : STEP 1 : Identify the Decision Variables a) Express each constraint in words. For this you should first see whether the constraint is of the form >/ (at least as large as), of the form < (no larger than) or of the form = (exactly equal to) b) You should then verbally express the objective function c) Steps (a) and (b) should then allow you to verbally identify the decision variablesIf there are several decision alternatives available , then in order to identify the decision variables you need to ask yourself the question – what decisions must be made in order to optimize the objective function ? Having accomplished step 1(a) through (c) decide the symbolic notation for the decision variables and specify units of measurement. Such specification of units of measurement would help in interpreting the final solution of the LP problem . STEP 2 : Identify the Problem Data For solving a problem, we need to identify the problem data so as to provide the actual values for the decision variables. For this,†¦

Media Violence and the Decline of America - 1786 Words

â€Å"Corporate greed is the beating heart of America!† (Law Order) There is an insatiable hunger that strikes every commercial business. It is an unquenchable desire for more money. Who wants more money? Most corporations do not have to think more than once about this question. They already know the answer. Their only mission is to increase the amount of money they make in one way or another, and to discover effective ways to acquire even more of this coveted resource. Businesses exist for money and use money to exist. Quite simply, they are controlled by how much money they have or how much debt they have. They are controlled entirely by greed and the love of money. The truth is that most corporations would do anything in order to†¦show more content†¦On the other hand, this study did show that in 1996 to 1997 there was a decrease in the number of series on the air that contained violence, but that in the third year of the study the number of shows containing vio lent content began increasing again, and the shows contained â€Å"real or re-created images of animals attacking or killing people.† Furthermore, Carol Olsen proclaims, in an article titled â€Å"Carol Olson: Senior Columnist: Too much violence on TV and movies†, it states shockingly â€Å"there has been a mass shooting somewhere in America ALMOST monthly since 2009†. Her belief is that the violence in the media, including video games, teaches the viewer to â€Å"shoot and kill people just for the fun of it† and that in addition to that the reality based television programs portray family members that behave badly toward one another. Dishonesty and loss of values are what is portrayed by these families via many lies and deceitful behavior, and Olsen’s belief is that it is not possible to be surrounded by so much cruelty and anger without it having an effect on you; I agree wholeheartedly. Contrarily, some of the supporters of these types of pro grams defer to the first amendment and claim that censorship violates their freedom of speech, and in a way I agree that it does; however, I believe as a society we must weigh the pros and the cons, and that theShow MoreRelatedGun Laws And Gun Control1296 Words   |  6 Pagesseveral years, gun violence has been an urgent issue that should be addressed. According to the gun violence archive, 307 mass shootings have occurred since January 1 to November 5. The deadliest mass shooting in us history had just recently occurred on Sunday, October 1. Steve paddock had purchased their guns legally in which caused approximately 500 people to be injured and 38 people had been killed. 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Sugar Revolution - 2658 Words

The Sugar Revolution In the seventeenth century both in the English and to a lesser extent in the French islands, a change occurred in the basic cash crop. This change was so rapid and far-reaching that ‘revolutionary’ is a fitting word to describe it. It ranks in importance with emancipation, for the sugar revolution changed the Lesser Antilles completely. It was not just that sugar replaced tobacco as the chief crop: the population changed from white to black; the size of landholdings changed; and eventually the West Indies became ‘the cockpit of Europe’. The list of changes the sugar revolution brought is almost inexhaustible. The sugar revolution is most clearly demonstrated in the history of Barbados where it occurred in roughly one†¦show more content†¦The Dutch traders and captains were looking for ways by which to increase their trade and they saw that encouraging the planting of sugar was a great opportunity. Sugar needed capital which the small planters of the eastern Caribbean did not have, but the Dutch came to the rescue by supplying credit. A Dutch merchant would put up the capital on the security of the crop. In this way many planters started. The Dutch took over the export and sale of the crop in return for providing the initial capital. Not only highly specialised labour, but also the ordinary manual labour was provided by the Dutch as the slave trade was in their hands. The Dutch brought slaves from West Africa to the West Indies at the rate of about 3000 per year. It has been said that the Dutch made the West Indies black. At least they started off the process which led to a decline 105 CSEC_BK1-pp104-138_cmh2.indd 105 6/1/08 20:27:13 in the white population and a meteoric rise in the black. England could not have provided these essentials for the development of the sugar industry. 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Basic Forms Of Business Organization - 1356 Words

Three basic forms of business organization are sole proprietorship, partnership, and corporation. Sole proprietorship is the simplest form of business organization in which there is only one owner (Cheeseman, 2015, p. 570). Single person is responsible for all debts, liabilities, and obligations, as well as unlimited liability for business operations. If the owner is unsuccessful and acquires debt, creditors can pursue legal action and acquire access to personal bank accounts, real estate, and other assets by the court order to repay person’s debt obligations. Owners of sole proprietorships cannot raise capital by selling shares that represent stakeholder interest in the business. The owner reports all income and expenses in personal tax return. The business terminates upon withdrawal or an owner’s death. The owner can sell the business and by doing so, will lose the ownership. Advantages of sole proprietorship include freedom of decisions, tax breaks, ease to start, ow nership of all profits, being taxed once as a personal income of the owner, and lack of government compliance. Disadvantages of sole proprietorship include unlimited liability, very limited sources of production, and difficulty to raise capital. According to Cheeseman (2015), general partnership is an association of two or more persons to carry on as co-owners of a business for profit (p. 572). 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Senior administrators overRead MoreProfessional Communication1467 Words   |  6 PagesContents Page * Introduction 1 * Basic Communication 1 * Classification of Communication 1 * Objectives and purposes of Communications 1 * Scope of Communication in any functional Organization 2 * Different mediums of Communication 2 * Modes of Communication 2 * Barriers to Communication 3 * Principles of Effective Communication 3 * Business Correspondence Letters 3 * Enquiries, Quotations, Complaints

Accounting and Finance for Commonwealth Bank - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theAccounting and Finance for Commonwealth Bank. Answer: Introduction The current study elucidates in detail about ethics and corporate social responsibility that refer to accountability of a corporation for the impacts of its decisions on society with reference to the operations of the firm CommInsue. CommInsue is the insurance arm of the firm Commonwealth Bank of Australia that was involved in diverse deceitful exercises namely misusing of medical reports counting deleting files and compelling doctors to later their opinions so that the claims of the clients can be rejected, altering definition of disease, delaying payouts and many others. In this regard, the study at hand thereby intends to examine ethical principles and financial decisions of the firm Commonwealth Bank (CBA). In addition to this, this study also has the intent to assess whether sustainability as well as socially responsible outcomes matter for the firm CBA and identify violations of CBA. Moving further, the study also intends to discuss elaborately ethical violations with orientati on to particular theories. Body Critical evaluation of practices of CBA and financial decisions As regards CSR practice of the firm Commonwealth Bank (CBA), the group declared new vision developed for excelling at securing and augmenting the overall financial well being of individuals, businesses as well as communities. Essentially, the new vision also develops customer centric culture and intends to get better and persistently improve in all the operations undertaken. Corporate Social Principle of the company CBA is outlined in the pecuniary report of the firm as a group strategy as well as sustainability approach. The sustainability strategic framework concentrates on five different areas, upholds the vision and generation of enduring value for the customers, individuals, shareholders along with wider community (Schwartz 2017). The sustainable framework includes the following: Sustainable business practices take in exercises of strong governance, instituted management systems, accountable procurement along with transparent reporting (Tai and Chuang 2014) Accountable Financial Services of CBA undertakes a responsible tactic for the provision of various financial products as well as services. Engaged as well as Talented People of CBA lure develop and retain different, engaged as well as talented workforce. Community Contribution as well as Action carries out impactful contributions to the societies by means of mutually beneficial partnerships (Carroll 2015) Policy of Environmental Stewardship helps CBA to become more proactive in enumerating and lessening overall environmental footprint and deliver smart and effective solution to aid the customers as well as employees lessen their own (Bhattacharya et al. 2017) Analysis of pecuniary reports published by the company Commonwealth Bank (CBA) reveals the fact that the Group delivers funds to over and above 2 million owners of home. Particularly, disburses interest payments to over and above 11 million retail saving as well as transaction account holders (Tran 2018). With approximately 52000 individuals, the annual payroll expends of the group is more than $5 billion. Essentially, the group necessarily returns around 75% of the earned profits to in excess of 800000 Australians who necessarily hold the shares directly together with millions more who essentially hold these by means of superannuation funds (Tran 2018). In essence, the group also disbursed in excess of $3 billion in taxes in the financial year, thereby making the company CBA the fourth largest payer of tax. In addition to this, the group also directly aids over 200 grassroots community corporations. This exerts a positive influence on overall health as well as wellbeing of the youths of Australia (Vertigans and Idowu 2017). Furthermore, the group also presented a wide array of programs on development of financial literacy to over and above 280000 students across the nation. Discussion whether sustainability and socially responsible outcomes matter for CBA Sustainability along with social responsibility is said to really matters for the company CBA. This is evident from the new vision of the company that is extremely customer centric and has the intention to continually get better in everything the company does. The management of the firm intends to evolve particularly the corporate strategy and continue to embrace the significance of Environmental, Social as well as Governance (ESG) contemplations in a swiftly transforming operating environment (Cheng et al. 2014). In addition to this, it is evident from initiatives of the firm that sustainability as well as socially responsible results really matter for the firm. For instance, the company has achieved the target of 20% reduction in carbon; company has ranked 1 in customer satisfaction in different areas of business, participated in around 3520 primary school banking programs and many others. In addition to this, it can be observed that Identification of ethical principles breached by CBA The ethical violations of the firm Commonwealth Bank (CBA) can be analysed from the latest scandals that engulfed the bank particularly the insurance business of the corporation. In addition to this, the insurance arm of the company that is the CommInsue primarily entered into unethical practices of undertaking deceitful exercises. This included misusing of medical reports, deleting several files and compelling doctors to change their opinions for rejecting the claims of the clients. The management of the firm in this way intended to reduce the payouts in terms of claims of the client although the clients diligently paid the premiums. Essentially, there are extraordinary substantiations that are identified and uncovered in this regard that can help in supporting the unethical treatment by the business unit (Saeidi et al. 2015). In itself, there are also allegations of different claim managers who necessarily were cherry picking various doctors for getting prognoses they want. In this way, doctors were persuaded to alter their opinions. Fundamentally, these unethical practices added to the trauma of the sick as well as suffering customers. The ethical principles that are necessarily breached at the firm include the following: Beneficence: This ethical principle essentially guides various decision makers to do what is correct as well as good. In this case, to do good necessarily makes ethical perspective and probable solutions to an ethical dilemma (Korschun et al. 2014). In particular, this principle is also associated to principle of utility and this talk about the need to generate largest ratio of good over evil in the entire world. The management of the firm CBA have failed to do good to the claimants who have diligently paid premiums for years. Therefore, this principle is said to have been violated. Least Harm: This ethical principle mentions that least harm handles situations in which no option appears beneficial. However, in this regard, decision makers intend to select to undertake activities that would do the least harm and things that mete out harm to the fewest people (Dias et al. 2018). As such, this ethical principle is also violated in this regard as the insurance unit of CBA have meted out tremendous harm to the insurance claimants by obtaining fraudulent ways. Respect and reverence for autonomy: This specific principle mentions that decision making have the need to concentrate on permitting people to be autonomous and to be able to make decisions that are applicable to their lives (Wang et al. 2016). Therefore, individuals have the need to maintain control their lives as much as possible as they are the only people who entirely understand their own lifestyle. Justice: The ethical principle of justice talks about the need to concentrate on activities that are to some extent fair to the ones engaged. This refers to the fact that ethical decisions have the need to be consistent with the specific ethical themes (Wang et al. 2016). In case of CBA, this principle has also been breached as the insurance wing of the firm have failed to remain fair. By ways of unfair means, management of the corporation has rejected claims in order to avert huge payouts. Discussion of ethical violations with reference to relevant ethical theories The deontological themes of ethics that are applied for decision making stresses on ethical dilemmas that are significant and directs towards most ethically appropriate resolution. Ethical concerns in insurance corporations include utilitarianism and deontology. The former perspective concentrates on greater good or collective, whilst the latter concentrates on personal duties. Basically, insurance businesses of the Commonwealth Bank have breached the ethical principle of utilitarianism as they have failed to do good and deceitfully violate the rights of claimants. Again, individual customer alternatively is to some extent deontological. They necessarily take into account needs as the first as well as foremost concern with no pertinent interest outside the policy of insurance. There are several concerns that take place when providers of insurance fail to comprehend these areas of concern, undertaking practices that ignore personal objections (Carroll and Buchholtz 2014). Therefore, this is an area where rules/principles are violated for the corporation. Even for legal, personal or else humanitarian causes, ethics cannot be ignored. In ethical themes founded on rights, the specific rights instituted by a community can be protected and given highest priority. In this case rights are necessarily considered ethically appropriate and valid as large population endorses the same. This theory is also violated in the case of CBA. Conclusion The ethical violations with orientation to ethical themes relevant to the current case are explained in this study. In conclusion, it can be said that the current study helps in understanding the practices of CBA and financial decisions bearing in mind the ethical principles of the firm. Also, the study also aids in comprehending whether sustainability and socially responsible outcomes really matter for CBA and identifies ethical principles that are breached by CBA. Moving further, the study at hand also explicates in detail about ethical violations with reference to relevant ethical theories. References Bhattacharya, C.B., Korschun, D., Sen, S. and Routledge, H., 2017. Corporate social responsibility.Journal of International Law,26(2). 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